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# Punycode.js [![punycode on npm](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/punycode)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/punycode) [![](https://data.jsdelivr.com/v1/package/npm/punycode/badge)](https://www.jsdelivr.com/package/npm/punycode)
Punycode.js is a robust Punycode converter that fully complies to [RFC 3492](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492) and [RFC 5891](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891).
This JavaScript library is the result of comparing, optimizing and documenting different open-source implementations of the Punycode algorithm:
* [The C example code from RFC 3492](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#appendix-C)
* [`punycode.c` by _Markus W. Scherer_ (IBM)](http://opensource.apple.com/source/ICU/ICU-400.42/icuSources/common/punycode.c)
* [`punycode.c` by _Ben Noordhuis_](https://github.com/bnoordhuis/punycode/blob/master/punycode.c)
* [JavaScript implementation by _some_](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/183485/can-anyone-recommend-a-good-free-javascript-for-punycode-to-unicode-conversion/301287#301287)
* [`punycode.js` by _Ben Noordhuis_](https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/426298c8c1c0d5b5224ac3658c41e7c2a3fe9377/lib/punycode.js) (note: [not fully compliant](https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/2072))
This project was [bundled](https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/lib/punycode.js) with Node.js from [v0.6.2+](https://github.com/joyent/node/compare/975f1930b1...61e796decc) until [v7](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/7941) (soft-deprecated).
This project provides a CommonJS module that uses ES2015+ features and JavaScript module, which work in modern Node.js versions and browsers. For the old Punycode.js version that offers the same functionality in a UMD build with support for older pre-ES2015 runtimes, including Rhino, Ringo, and Narwhal, see [v1.4.1](https://github.com/mathiasbynens/punycode.js/releases/tag/v1.4.1).
## Installation
Via [npm](https://www.npmjs.com/):
```bash
npm install punycode --save
```
In [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/):
> ⚠️ Note that userland modules don't hide core modules.
> For example, `require('punycode')` still imports the deprecated core module even if you executed `npm install punycode`.
> Use `require('punycode/')` to import userland modules rather than core modules.
```js
const punycode = require('punycode/');
```
## API
### `punycode.decode(string)`
Converts a Punycode string of ASCII symbols to a string of Unicode symbols.
```js
// decode domain name parts
punycode.decode('maana-pta'); // 'mañana'
punycode.decode('--dqo34k'); // '☃-⌘'
```
### `punycode.encode(string)`
Converts a string of Unicode symbols to a Punycode string of ASCII symbols.
```js
// encode domain name parts
punycode.encode('mañana'); // 'maana-pta'
punycode.encode('☃-⌘'); // '--dqo34k'
```
### `punycode.toUnicode(input)`
Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e. it doesn’t matter if you call it on a string that has already been converted to Unicode.
```js
// decode domain names
punycode.toUnicode('xn--maana-pta.com');
// → 'mañana.com'
punycode.toUnicode('xn----dqo34k.com');
// → '☃-⌘.com'
// decode email addresses
punycode.toUnicode('джумла@xn--p-8sbkgc5ag7bhce.xn--ba-lmcq');
// → 'джумла@джpумлатест.bрфa'
```
### `punycode.toASCII(input)`
Converts a lowercased Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the input will be converted, i.e. it doesn’t matter if you cal

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{
"name": "punycode",
"version": "2.3.1",
"description": "A robust Punycode converter that fully complies to RFC 3492 and RFC 5891, and works on nearly all JavaScript platforms.",
"homepage": "https://mths.be/punycode",
"main": "punycode.js",
"jsnext:main": "punycode.es6.js",
"module": "punycode.es6.js",
"engines": {
"node": ">=6"
},
"keywords": [
"punycode",
"unicode",
"idn",
"idna",
"dns",
"url",
"domain"
],
"license": "MIT",
"author": {
"name": "Mathias Bynens",
"url": "https://mathiasbynens.be/"
},
"contributors": [
{
"name": "Mathias Bynens",
"url": "https://mathiasbynens.be/"
}
],
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "https://github.com/mathiasbynens/punycode.js.git"
},
"bugs": "https://github.com/mathiasbynens/punycode.js/issues",
"files": [
"LICENSE-MIT.txt",
"punycode.js",
"punycode.es6.js"
],
"scripts": {
"test": "mocha tests",
"build": "node scripts/prepublish.js"
},
"devDependencies": {
"codecov": "^3.8.3",
"nyc": "^15.1.0",
"mocha": "^10.2.0"
},
"jspm": {
"map": {
"./punycode.js": {
"node": "@node/punycode"
}
}
}
}

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'use strict';
/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
const maxInt = 2147483647; // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
/** Bootstring parameters */
const base = 36;
const tMin = 1;
const tMax = 26;
const skew = 38;
const damp = 700;
const initialBias = 72;
const initialN = 128; // 0x80
const delimiter = '-'; // '\x2D'
/** Regular expressions */
const regexPunycode = /^xn--/;
const regexNonASCII = /[^\0-\x7F]/; // Note: U+007F DEL is excluded too.
const regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g; // RFC 3490 separators
/** Error messages */
const errors = {
'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
};
/** Convenience shortcuts */
const baseMinusTMin = base - tMin;
const floor = Math.floor;
const stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* A generic error utility function.
* @private
* @param {String} type The error type.
* @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
*/
function error(type) {
throw new RangeError(errors[type]);
}
/**
* A generic `Array#map` utility function.
* @private
* @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
* @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
* item.
* @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
*/
function map(array, callback) {
const result = [];
let length = array.length;
while (length--) {
result[length] = callback(array[length]);
}
return result;
}
/**
* A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
* addresses.
* @private
* @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
* @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
* character.
* @returns {String} A new string of characters returned by the callback
* function.
*/
function mapDomain(domain, callback) {
const parts = domain.split('@');
let result = '';
if (parts.length > 1) {
// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
result = parts[0] + '@';
domain = parts[1];
}
// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
domain = domain.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
const labels = domain.split('.');
const encoded = map(labels, callback).join('.');
return result + encoded;
}
/**
* Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
* character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
* this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
* UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
* matching UTF-16.
* @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
* @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
* @memberOf punycode.ucs2
* @name decode
* @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
* @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
*/
function ucs2decode(string) {
const output = [];
let counter = 0;
const length = string.length;
while (counter < length) {
const value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
// It's a high surrogate, and there is a next character.
const extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // Low surrogate.
output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
} else {
// It's an unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the
// next code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair.
output.push(value);
counter--;
}
} else {
output.push(value);
}
}
return output;
}
/**
* Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
* @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
* @memberOf punycode.ucs2
* @name encode
* @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
* @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
*/
const ucs2encode = codePoints => String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints);
/**
* Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
* @see `digitToBasic()`
* @private
* @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
* @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
* representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
* the code point does not represent a value.
*/
const basicToDigit = function(codePoint) {
if (codePoint >= 0x30 && codePoint < 0x3A) {
return 26 + (codePoint - 0x30);
}
if (codePoint >= 0x41 && codePoint < 0x5B) {
return codePoint - 0x41;
}
if (codePoint >= 0x61 && codePoint < 0x7B) {
return codePoint - 0x61;
}
return base;
};
/**
* Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
* @see `basicToDigit()`
* @private
* @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
* @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
* representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
* `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
* used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
* if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
*/
const digitToBasic = function(digit, flag) {
// 0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
};
/**
* Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
* @private
*/
const adapt = function(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
let k = 0;
delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
}
return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
};
/**
* Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
* symbols.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
* @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
*/
const decode = function(input) {
// Don't use UCS-2.
const output = [];
const inputLength = input.length;
let i = 0;
let n = initialN;
let bias = initialBias;
// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
// the first basic code points to the output.
let basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
if (basic < 0) {
basic = 0;
}
for (let j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
// if it's not a basic code point
if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
error('not-basic');
}
output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
}
// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
for (let index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
const oldi = i;
for (let w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
if (index >= inputLength) {
error('invalid-input');
}
const digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
if (digit >= base) {
error('invalid-input');
}
if (digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
error('overflow');
}
i += digit * w;
const t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
if (digit < t) {
break;
}
const baseMinusT = base - t;
if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
error('overflow');
}
w *= baseMinusT;
}
const out = output.length + 1;
bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
error('overflow');
}
n += floor(i / out);
i %= out;
// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output.
output.splice(i++, 0, n);
}
return String.fromCodePoint(...output);
};
/**
* Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
* Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
* @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
*/
const encode = function(input) {
const output = [];
// Convert the input in UCS-2 to an array of Unicode code points.
input = ucs2decode(input);
// Cache the length.
const inputLength = input.length;
// Initialize the state.
let n = initialN;
let delta = 0;
let bias = initialBias;
// Handle the basic code points.
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue < 0x80) {
output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
}
}
const basicLength = output.length;
let handledCPCount = basicLength;
// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
// Finish the basic string with a delimiter unless it's empty.
if (basicLength) {
output.push(delimiter);
}
// Main encoding loop:
while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
// larger one:
let m = maxInt;
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
m = currentValue;
}
}
// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
// but guard against overflow.
const handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
error('overflow');
}
delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
n = m;
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
error('overflow');
}
if (currentValue === n) {
// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer.
let q = delta;
for (let k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
const t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
if (q < t) {
break;
}
const qMinusT = q - t;
const baseMinusT = base - t;
output.push(
stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
);
q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
}
output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount === basicLength);
delta = 0;
++handledCPCount;
}
}
++delta;
++n;
}
return output.join('');
};
/**
* Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
* to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
* it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
* converted to Unicode.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
* convert to Unicode.
* @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
* string.
*/
const toUnicode = function(input) {
return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
return regexPunycode.test(string)
? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
: string;
});
};
/**
* Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
* Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
* i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
* ASCII.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
* Unicode string.
* @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
* email address.
*/
const toASCII = function(input) {
return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
return regexNonASCII.test(string)
? 'xn--' + encode(string)
: string;
});
};
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Define the public API */
const punycode = {
/**
* A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
* @memberOf punycode
* @type String
*/
'version': '2.3.1',
/**
* An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
* representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
* @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
* @memberOf punycode
* @type Object
*/
'ucs2': {
'decode': ucs2decode,
'encode': ucs2encode
},
'decode': decode,
'encode': encode,
'toASCII': toASCII,
'toUnicode': toUnicode
};
export { ucs2decode, ucs2encode, decode, encode, toASCII, toUnicode };
export default punycode;

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'use strict';
/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
const maxInt = 2147483647; // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
/** Bootstring parameters */
const base = 36;
const tMin = 1;
const tMax = 26;
const skew = 38;
const damp = 700;
const initialBias = 72;
const initialN = 128; // 0x80
const delimiter = '-'; // '\x2D'
/** Regular expressions */
const regexPunycode = /^xn--/;
const regexNonASCII = /[^\0-\x7F]/; // Note: U+007F DEL is excluded too.
const regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g; // RFC 3490 separators
/** Error messages */
const errors = {
'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
};
/** Convenience shortcuts */
const baseMinusTMin = base - tMin;
const floor = Math.floor;
const stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* A generic error utility function.
* @private
* @param {String} type The error type.
* @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
*/
function error(type) {
throw new RangeError(errors[type]);
}
/**
* A generic `Array#map` utility function.
* @private
* @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
* @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
* item.
* @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
*/
function map(array, callback) {
const result = [];
let length = array.length;
while (length--) {
result[length] = callback(array[length]);
}
return result;
}
/**
* A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
* addresses.
* @private
* @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
* @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
* character.
* @returns {String} A new string of characters returned by the callback
* function.
*/
function mapDomain(domain, callback) {
const parts = domain.split('@');
let result = '';
if (parts.length > 1) {
// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
result = parts[0] + '@';
domain = parts[1];
}
// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
domain = domain.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
const labels = domain.split('.');
const encoded = map(labels, callback).join('.');
return result + encoded;
}
/**
* Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
* character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
* this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
* UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
* matching UTF-16.
* @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
* @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
* @memberOf punycode.ucs2
* @name decode
* @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
* @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
*/
function ucs2decode(string) {
const output = [];
let counter = 0;
const length = string.length;
while (counter < length) {
const value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
// It's a high surrogate, and there is a next character.
const extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // Low surrogate.
output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
} else {
// It's an unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the
// next code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair.
output.push(value);
counter--;
}
} else {
output.push(value);
}
}
return output;
}
/**
* Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
* @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
* @memberOf punycode.ucs2
* @name encode
* @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
* @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
*/
const ucs2encode = codePoints => String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints);
/**
* Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
* @see `digitToBasic()`
* @private
* @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
* @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
* representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
* the code point does not represent a value.
*/
const basicToDigit = function(codePoint) {
if (codePoint >= 0x30 && codePoint < 0x3A) {
return 26 + (codePoint - 0x30);
}
if (codePoint >= 0x41 && codePoint < 0x5B) {
return codePoint - 0x41;
}
if (codePoint >= 0x61 && codePoint < 0x7B) {
return codePoint - 0x61;
}
return base;
};
/**
* Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
* @see `basicToDigit()`
* @private
* @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
* @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
* representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
* `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
* used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
* if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
*/
const digitToBasic = function(digit, flag) {
// 0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
};
/**
* Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
* @private
*/
const adapt = function(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
let k = 0;
delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
}
return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
};
/**
* Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
* symbols.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
* @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
*/
const decode = function(input) {
// Don't use UCS-2.
const output = [];
const inputLength = input.length;
let i = 0;
let n = initialN;
let bias = initialBias;
// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
// the first basic code points to the output.
let basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
if (basic < 0) {
basic = 0;
}
for (let j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
// if it's not a basic code point
if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
error('not-basic');
}
output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
}
// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
for (let index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
const oldi = i;
for (let w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
if (index >= inputLength) {
error('invalid-input');
}
const digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
if (digit >= base) {
error('invalid-input');
}
if (digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
error('overflow');
}
i += digit * w;
const t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
if (digit < t) {
break;
}
const baseMinusT = base - t;
if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
error('overflow');
}
w *= baseMinusT;
}
const out = output.length + 1;
bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
error('overflow');
}
n += floor(i / out);
i %= out;
// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output.
output.splice(i++, 0, n);
}
return String.fromCodePoint(...output);
};
/**
* Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
* Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
* @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
*/
const encode = function(input) {
const output = [];
// Convert the input in UCS-2 to an array of Unicode code points.
input = ucs2decode(input);
// Cache the length.
const inputLength = input.length;
// Initialize the state.
let n = initialN;
let delta = 0;
let bias = initialBias;
// Handle the basic code points.
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue < 0x80) {
output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
}
}
const basicLength = output.length;
let handledCPCount = basicLength;
// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
// Finish the basic string with a delimiter unless it's empty.
if (basicLength) {
output.push(delimiter);
}
// Main encoding loop:
while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
// larger one:
let m = maxInt;
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
m = currentValue;
}
}
// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
// but guard against overflow.
const handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
error('overflow');
}
delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
n = m;
for (const currentValue of input) {
if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
error('overflow');
}
if (currentValue === n) {
// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer.
let q = delta;
for (let k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
const t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
if (q < t) {
break;
}
const qMinusT = q - t;
const baseMinusT = base - t;
output.push(
stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
);
q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
}
output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount === basicLength);
delta = 0;
++handledCPCount;
}
}
++delta;
++n;
}
return output.join('');
};
/**
* Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
* to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
* it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
* converted to Unicode.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
* convert to Unicode.
* @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
* string.
*/
const toUnicode = function(input) {
return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
return regexPunycode.test(string)
? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
: string;
});
};
/**
* Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
* Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
* i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
* ASCII.
* @memberOf punycode
* @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
* Unicode string.
* @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
* email address.
*/
const toASCII = function(input) {
return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
return regexNonASCII.test(string)
? 'xn--' + encode(string)
: string;
});
};
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Define the public API */
const punycode = {
/**
* A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
* @memberOf punycode
* @type String
*/
'version': '2.3.1',
/**
* An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
* representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
* @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
* @memberOf punycode
* @type Object
*/
'ucs2': {
'decode': ucs2decode,
'encode': ucs2encode
},
'decode': decode,
'encode': encode,
'toASCII': toASCII,
'toUnicode': toUnicode
};
module.exports = punycode;